Oncorus, a biotechnology start-up based in Cambridge, MA, is engineering a novel way of fighting cancer using virus-based immunotherapies. The company’s oHSV platform makes use of the micro-RNAs found in healthy cells that are typically missing from the tumor microenvironment. These micro-RNAs play a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis and messenger-RNA degradation. Oncorus engineered micro-RNA binding sites into the viral genes of oHSV to make replication impossible in healthy cells. However, because these micro-RNAs are absent in tumor cells, oHSV can replicate and cause cell destruction. The oncolytic immunotherapy is injected into the tumor, where it triggers cell death and releases tumor antigens that trigger the natural immune response. As the virus continues to replicate, it disrupts the tumor microenvironment and spreads throughout the tumor while the immune system mounts an anti-tumor immune response. Oncorus oHSV is an ideal vector for oncolytic immunotherapy because it contains a high capacity for genes that can be engineered to carry a therapeutic payload. Oncorus has an active research program to engineer such a payload in its second-generation oHSV platform. These payloads have the ability to target specific immune modulators and proteases in the extracellular matrix to further bolster the immune response.
With hundreds of promising immunotherapies currently in development--like ONCR-001, the lead oncolytic virus candidate from Oncorus--it’s more important than ever for patients with cancer to consider participating in clinical trials. According to the Cancer Research Institute, only about 3 percent to 6 percent of eligible individuals take part in clinical trials for cancer therapies. This low participation rate slows down the clinical development process significantly, and means that valuable new treatments can take much longer to reach the people who need them.For patients who are thinking about participating in an immunotherapy clinical trial, the Cancer Research Institute offers some helpful information on how these treatments differ from other therapeutic approaches, and what prospective trial participants should look for. One of the most important things to understand is that immunotherapy is frequently used as a complement to or in combination with other treatments. This means that immunotherapy trials often require that patients be treated prior to or concurrently with the present standard of care. However, because immunotherapy does not have the same toxic side effects as conventional chemotherapies, participating in an immunotherapy trial may involve a lower degree of toxicity.In addition, prospective participants should be aware that, while immunotherapies are safe and have demonstrated significant potential for curing “incurable” cancers, there is still much that remains to be discovered about them. This means that immunotherapy trials may require a more intensive level of participation, such as more visits over a longer period, or a greater frequency of certain procedures. Furthermore, immunotherapies typically take longer to have an effect than other therapies.Patient participation in clinical trials is a key cornerstone of innovation to advance new therapies. Well-designed studies offer patients excellent care while allowing access to standard regimens in addition to the investigational product being studied.
Color blindness prevents over 10 million Americans from accurately distinguishing among certain primary colors, and at present there is no treatment or cure. The genetic disorder stems from a mutation on the X chromosome. Not only can it cause serious complications in everyday life, making tasks such as night driving more difficult, but it can also prevent people from pursuing certain career paths, such as aviation and electrical work. In early 2015, the medical research startup Avalanche Biotechnologies partnered with the University of Washington to improve upon a new gene therapy technique originally developed by Jay and Maureen Neitz, the lead researchers at the university’s Neitz Color Vision Lab. The couple has dedicated decades to advancing human health, and in 2009, they succeeded in curing color blindness in squirrel monkeys by surgically introducing new genes into the retina cells responsible for facilitating color vision. The team was eager to use their findings to help correct human vision, but the risk associated with their early-stage technique necessitated the development of a nonsurgical approach. In 2012, Jay and Maureen Neitz met Avalanche founder and then CEO Thomas Chalberg at a scientific conference. Dr. Chalberg’s firm had recently begun to optimize and commercialize a nonsurgical technique allowing for the delivery of genes via injection into the eye’s gelatinous vitreous layer. The three immediately set about collaborating to develop a genetic therapy for color blindness.
